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How to Read a Request Waterfall Chart

Waterfall charts show what network requests are made when loading a web page. They are often used to analyze site speed and identify opportunities for optimization.

Website waterfall analysis is supported by many web performance tools, for example:

This article explains how to read a request waterfall using examples across the web.

How to generate a request waterfall for your website​

You can use the DebugBear speed test to analyze your website and generate a request waterfall. Just enter your website URL to get started.

The waterfall visualization is shown in the Requests tab.

Request waterfall in the DebugBear speed test

Introduction to the the waterfall visualization​

Fundamentally, each waterfall chart is a list of network requests. Usually the requests are in chronological order, so you can see the HTML document request at the top.

After that you can see various requests for resources that were references in the HTML code, for example CSS stylesheets and JavaScript code. For example, here's the waterfall visualization for the Discord homepage.

Waterfall example

Each row shows key bits of data about the request, such as the request type, URL, and whether the request is render-blocking. Finally we have the actual waterfall visualization: this shows when the request starts and finishes, broken down into different components.

Requests shown on the left of the chart are made early, while requests on the right are made later. The longer the bar is the longer the request takes to finish.

Server connections​

To load a resource from a website, the browser first needs to establish a connection to the server and then download the resource. Requests can be broken down into these components:

  • DNS: getting an IP address for the server based on the domain name, for example converting example.com to 93.184.216.34
  • TCP: establishing a reliable way of communicating with the server
  • SSL: establishing a secure/encrypted way of communicating with the server
  • TTFB/server response time: actually requesting a resource form the server (e.g. /public/logo.png) and waiting for the response

These steps are done sequentially and each requires at least one network round-trip. Performance tools usually collect data on a throttled network connection, with a certain minimum round-trip time (RTT). In this case the RTT setting is 40 milliseconds, which is why each step in the list above takes longer than that.

Server connection breakdown

In some cases you'll also see "Waiting" time – this usually means that this is a low-priority request and the browser isn't allocating resources to it for now.

Once the server has started to respond to the request, the response body needs to be downloaded. Some waterfall views highlight when data for each request is received. If multiple requests are in progress but bandwidth is only used to download one response that usually means that this request has a higher priority.

Connection reuse​

When looking at the waterfall chart above you may notice that most requests don't actually have a DNS, TCP, or SSL component. That's because browsers can use the same connection for multiple requests.

In this example you can see that the browser only creates one connection for discord.com and then reuses that connection. When connecting to a different domain, fonts.googleapis.com, a new server connection is created.

Server connection reuse

(Why do some connections not have a connection ID? I'm not sure, I think Chrome just doesn't report a connection ID for HTTP/3 requests.)

Correlating requests with the filmstrip​

Site speed doesn't only depend on network requests, so many tools show additional data, like CPU activity, in the waterfall timeline.

A filmstrip recording shows what the website looked at different points after navigation. Users want to see content quickly, and combining the filmstrip with the request waterfall allows you to identify rendering optimizations.

Let's look at the Discord waterfall again. It's pretty typical and starts with an HTML document request followed by a stylesheet and a script. Both the script and stylesheet are render-blocking, so while these requests are in progress the filmstrip only shows a plain white background.

Render-blocking requests in waterfall

However, interestingly the page still doesn't render after both of these requests have finished. Instead, another blocking request starts, downloading CSS from Google Fonts.

If we look at the request details we can see that the original CSS file referenced the Google Fonts CSS via @import().

Google Fonts CSS request initiator

We end up with a render-blocking request chain that's longer than necessary, and it takes longer for content to appear for the user.

Render-blocking request chain in the waterfall

How could we fix this? Instead of waiting for the browser to discover the fonts CSS after downloading the main page CSS, we need to tell the browser about the fonts CSS early on. This is what browser resource hints are for.

<link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Press+Start+2P">

After adding the snippet above to the page HTML the browser starts loading the fonts CSS in parallel with the other render-blocking resources. (I used the DebugBear Experiments feature, but you can also use local overrides in DevTools.)

Preload in waterfall

Metrics in the waterfall​

Waterfall visualizations also often include rendering metrics. For example, the blue line in the screenshot below indicates when the First Contentful Paint happens, while the red line shows the Largest Contentful Paint.

FCP and LCP metrics in filmstrip

If the LCP element on the page is an image DebugBear also highlights this.

LCP Element in the waterfall

CPU activity in the waterfall​

Some tools show CPU activity for specific requests. For example, DebugBear shows long main thread CPU tasks that are attributable to a specific URL.

CPU activity in the request waterfall

Sequential request chains​

Once a resource has been loaded it can start a request to load another resource, for example a JavaScript file loading JSON data. These sequential request chains can slow down the page.

The Show request initiator chain option shows the chain of requests leading up to the selected request.

Request arrows

The Request Chain tab shows a waterfall that only contains requests that lead up to this request.

Filtered request chain

If the selected request is an initiator for other requests these Initiated Requests will also be shown.

Initiated requests

Comparing request waterfalls​

Often the reason to look at a request waterfall is because you've seen a regression in your performance metrics. Many tools allow you to view multiple waterfalls side by side or overlayed on top of each other.

Compare waterfalls

When comparing waterfalls, change columns will appear to the right to show the value difference from the previous waterfall.

Compare waterfalls

New requests are highlighted in red. Removed requests are grey.

Compare waterfalls

Zooming in on parts of the waterfall​

Pages can sometimes take 10 or more seconds to load, but only the early parts are actually important to the user. On DebugBear you can view only the requests where the download started before a certain milestone, for example the Largest Contentful Paint.

LCP filter for the waterfall

HTTP/1.1​

Prior to HTTP/2, each server connection could only be used to make one HTTP request at a time. To make multiple concurrent requests, browsers need to create multiple connections to the same origin. You can see this in the request waterfall below.

Connections in HTTP/1.1

Browsers only create up to 6 connections per origin. If the page loads more than 6 resources from the same origin, browsers wait for the other requests to finish first. In the example above, connection #170 is used for three different requests.

Non-credentialed requests​

Sometimes HTTP/2 requests to the same domain end up using multiple connections. This happens because credentialed and non-credentialed requests usually require separate connections.

This tends to be most noticeable with font requests, which are never loaded with credentials (like cookies for example).

Non-credentialed requests with new connection

HTTP Redirects​

Servers will usually respond with a redirect if a resource has moved to a different URL. Redirect chains and other unnecessary redirects can increase the time visitors have to wait until they can see page content.

In this example, grey-wing.com/ redirects to www.grey-wing.com/.

Redirect chain example

Redirects will have an HTTP status code that starts with the number three when looking at the request details, for example 301.

Redirect details

Request priority​

Each network connection only has a limited amount of capacity, and browsers try to allocate those resources to the most important request first. If a request is low-priority it will be delayed until later on in the page load process.

This waterfall shows an example of that. The top of the page references a bunch of resources, most of them render-blocking and therefore high-priority. But one of the scripts uses the defer attribute, so the browser waits after discovering the resource and only starts making the request later on.

Low priority request

Priority Change​

Browsers have automatic logic for determining a resource’s priority. As a page loads, the priority status of more important resources can change to be loaded sooner.

This waterfall shows the LCP image request is initially loaded with low priority. Shortly after the resource's start time, the browser identifies the importance of the resource and the priority changes to high. Any priority status change of a resource is marked with an asterisk in the priority column and a red vertical line in the waterfall visualization.

Priority change

Download size​

In addition to the client-server round-trips required to request a resource, downloading the response can also take a significant amount of time.

This waterfall shows two fairly large images being loaded. Even though both start at the same time, one is high priority and finishes over 1 second before the other. The darker areas in the download bar show each data chunk being received by the browser. Practically no bandwidth is allocated to the low-priority request while the high-priority request is still in progress.

Large downloads in waterfall

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